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Cold Lands to the North 
Geography Superlatives Cold Lands to the North
Tundra
Tundra:
Plants:
hardy
lichens
Arctic Willow - smallest tree on earth
Animals:
arctic tern: migrates from Arctic to Antarctic over 22,000 miles
ptarmigan
snowy owl
musk oxen
caribou
arctic wolf
lemming: jumps into ocean and drowns
Land:
treeless Arctic plains above the timberline
in the frigid zone
permafrost
"Land of the Midnight Sun"
mostly above Arctic Circle
Plants:
hardy
lichens
Arctic Willow - smallest tree on earth
Animals:
arctic tern: migrates from Arctic to Antarctic over 22,000 miles
ptarmigan
snowy owl
musk oxen
caribou
arctic wolf
lemming: jumps into ocean and drowns
Land:
treeless Arctic plains above the timberline
in the frigid zone
permafrost
"Land of the Midnight Sun"
mostly above Arctic Circle
Woodlands
Plants:
Conifer Trees: cone-bearing
evergreen
fir
pine
spruce
Broadleaf Trees
deciduous
paper leaves
Animals:
deer
woodland caribou
fur-bearing
weasel family
birds
-raven
-crow
-eagle
Land:
taiga - Russian for "forest"
boreal = northern forest
land of tall trees
not a huge variety of plants and animals
Conifer Trees: cone-bearing
evergreen
fir
pine
spruce
Broadleaf Trees
deciduous
paper leaves
Animals:
deer
woodland caribou
fur-bearing
weasel family
birds
-raven
-crow
-eagle
Land:
taiga - Russian for "forest"
boreal = northern forest
land of tall trees
not a huge variety of plants and animals
People of the Tundra
Eskimos, also called inuits
famous missionary to Eskimos: Sir Wilfred Grenfell
Food: seal, caribou
Clothing: parkas, mukluks
Shelter: snow igloo
Transportation: dog sled
Hunting: use harpoon to kill narwhal, seals & caribou
Language: not written before 1700s, many dialects, strung words together
famous missionary to Eskimos: Sir Wilfred Grenfell
Food: seal, caribou
Clothing: parkas, mukluks
Shelter: snow igloo
Transportation: dog sled
Hunting: use harpoon to kill narwhal, seals & caribou
Language: not written before 1700s, many dialects, strung words together
People of the Woodlands
People
of the Tundra:
Chippewa / Ojibwa
food: pemmican
Clothing: mocassins, leggings, long shirts, winter clothes
Shelter: permanent-bark covered, wooden house with fur on outside, wiwgwams
Transportation: snowshoes, toboggan
Religion: worshipped many different gods & spirits
Education: no formal school, wilderness survival & self-reliance
of the Tundra:
Chippewa / Ojibwa
food: pemmican
Clothing: mocassins, leggings, long shirts, winter clothes
Shelter: permanent-bark covered, wooden house with fur on outside, wiwgwams
Transportation: snowshoes, toboggan
Religion: worshipped many different gods & spirits
Education: no formal school, wilderness survival & self-reliance
